| 1. Structure of an Atom |
9.10 Hydrides |
| 1.1 Atoms |
9.11 Solubility and Hydration |
| 1.2 Some Important Definitions |
9.12 Solutions of Metals in Liquid Ammonia |
| 1.3 Electronic Configuration of an Atom |
9.13 Compounds with Carbon |
| 2. Periodic Table and Periodic Properties |
9.14 Complexes, Crowns and Crypts |
| 2.1 Periodic Table |
9.15 Biological Importance |
| 2.2 Classification of Elements Based on Electronic Configuration |
9.16 Differences Between Lithium and the Other Group 1 Elements |
| 2.3 Periodic Trends In Properties |
9.17 Preparation of Sodium Hydroxide |
| 3. Chemical Bonding |
9.18 Electrolytic Processes |
| 3.1 Attainment of a Stable Configuration |
9.19 Preparation of Sodium Carbonate |
| 3.2 Types of Bonds |
9.20 The Solvay (or Ammonia – Soda) Process |
| 3.3 Transitions Between the Main Types of Bonding |
Group 2 – The Alkaline Earth Elements |
| 3.4 The Covalent Bond |
9.21 General Properties |
| 3.5 Valence Bond Theory |
9.22 Anomalous Behaviour of Beryllium |
| 3.6 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory |
9.23 Chemical Properties |
| 3.7 The Extent of d Orbital Participation in Molecular Bonding |
9.24 Hydroxides |
| 3.8 Types of Covalent Bonds (Sigma (s) and Pi (p) Bonds) |
9.25 Hardness of Water |
| 3.9 Molecular Orbital Method |
9.26 Reaction with Acids and Bases |
| 3.10 LCAOMethod |
9.27 Oxides and Peroxides |
| 3.11 Rules for Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals |
9.28 Sulphates |
| 3.12 Examples of Molecular Orbital Treatment for Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules |
9.29 Nitrates |
| 3.13 Examples of Molecular Orbital Treatment for Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules |
9.30 Hydrides |
| 3.14 Dipole Moment |
9.31 Halides |
| 3.15 The Ionic Bond |
9.32 Nitrides |
| 3.16 Close Packing |
9.33 Carbides |
| 3.17 Ionic Compounds of the Type AX (ZnS, NaCl, CsCl) |
9.34 Complexes |
| 3.18 Ionic Compounds of the Type AX2 (CaF2, TiO2, SiO2) |
9.35 Biological Role of Mg2+ and Ca2+ |
| 3.19 Layer Structures (CdI2, CdCl2, [NiAs]) |
9.36 Differences Between Beryllium and the Other Group 2 Elements |
| 3.20 Lattice Energy |
10. The p-Block Elements and their Compounds |
| 3.21 Stoichiometric Defects |
The Group 13 Elements |
| 3.22 Nonstoichiometric Defects |
10.1 Oxidation States and Types of Bonds |
| 3.23 Born–Haber Cycle |
10.2 General Properties |
| 3.24 Polarizing Power and Polarizability – Fajans’ Rules |
10.3 Preparation of Boron |
| 3.25 Melting Point of Ionic Compounds |
10.4 Reactions of Boron |
| 3.26 Solubility of Ionic Compounds |
10.5 Reactions of the Other Elements |
| 3.27 Electrical Conductivity and Colour |
10.6 Compounds of Boron and Oxygen |
| 3.28 Acidic Nature of Oxides |
10.7 The Other Group 13 Oxides |
| 3.29 Thermal Stability of Ionic Compounds |
10.8 Tetrahydridoborates (Borohydrides) |
| 3.30 Weak Forces |
10.9 Halides |
| 3.31 Interactions between Ions and Covalent Molecules |
10.10 Complexes |
| 3.32 The Metallic Bond |
10.11 Differences Between Boron and the Other Elements |
| 3.33 Theories of Bonding in Metals |
10.12 Boron Hydrides |
| 3.34 Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors |
10.13 Reactions of the Boranes |
| 4. Hydrolysis |
10.14 Structures of the Boranes |
| 4.1 Introduction |
10.15 Organometallic Compounds |
| 4.2 Hydrolysis Through SN1 Mechanism |
10.16 Structure and Allotropy of the Elements |
| 4.3 Hydrolysis Through SN2 Mechanism |
10.17 Differences Between Carbon, Silicon and the Remaining Elements |
| 4.4 Hydrolysis Through Addition–Elimination Mechanism |
10.18 Physical Properties |
| 4.6 Hydrolysis Through Redox Reaction |
10.19 Chemical Reactivity |
| 4.5 Hydrolysis Through Addition Mechanism |
10.20 Carbides |
| 4.7 Hydrolysis Through Push–Pull Mechanism |
10.21 Oxygen Compounds of Carbon |
| 4.8 Hydrolysis Through Mixed Mechanism |
10.22 Carbonates |
| 5. Coordination Compounds |
10.23 Sulphides of Carbon |
| 5.1 Double Salts and Coordination Compounds |
10.24 Oxides of Silicon |
| 5.2 Werner’s Work |
10.25 Oxides of Germanium, Tin and Lead |
| 5.3 More Recent Methods of Studying Complexes |
10.26 Silicates |
| 5.4 Classification of Ligands |
10.27 Classification of Silicates |
| 5.5 Effective Atomic Number (EAN) |
10.28 Glass |
| 5.6 Shapes of d Orbitals |
10.29 Organosilicon Compounds and the Silicones |
| 5.7 Bonding in Transition Metal Complexes |
10.30 Hydrides of Silicon |
| 5.8 Valence Bond Theory |
10.31 Complexes |
| 5.9 Crystal Field Theory |
10.32 Internal p Bonding Using d Orbitals |
| 5.10 Effects of Crystal Field Splitting |
10.33 Halides |
| 5.11 Tetragonal Distortion of Octahedral Complexes (Jahn-Teller Distortion) |
10.34 Organic Derivatives |
| 5.12 Square Planar Arrangements |
10.35 General Properties and Structures of the Elements |
| 5.13 Tetrahedral Complexes |
10.36 Hydrides |
| 5.14 Magnetism |
10.37 Liquid Ammonia as a Solvent |
| 5.15 Extension of the Crystal Field Theory to Allow for Some Covalency |
10.38 Hydrogen Azide and the Azides |
| 5.16 Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds |
10.39 Nitrogen Fixation |
| 5.17 Isomerism |
10.40 NPK Fertilizers |
| 6. Metallurgy |
10.41 Halides |
| 6.1 Types of Ores |
10.42 Oxides of Nitrogen |
| 6.2 Principal Steps in the Recovery of a Metal From its Ore |
10.43 Oxoacids of Nitrogen |
| 6.3 Concentration or Dressing of Ore |
10.44 Oxides of Phosphorus |
| 6.4 Conversion of Concentrated Ore into its Oxide |
10.45 Oxoacids of Phosphorus |
| 6.5 Different Reduction Processes |
10.46 General Properties |
| 6.6 Purification or Refining of Metal |
10.47 Structure and Allotropy of the Elements |
| 6.7 Theromodynamics of Reduction Process |
10.48 Physical Properties |
| 6.8 Alloys and Amalgams |
10.49 Chemical Reactivity |
| 6.9 Different Types of Furnaces Used in Metallurgy |
10.50 General Properties of Oxides |
| 6.10 Extraction of Silver |
10.51 Oxides of Sulphur |
| 6.11 Extraction of Gold by Cyanide Process |
10.52 Oxoacids of Sulphur |
| 6.12 Extraction of Tin |
10.53 Oxohalides |
| 6.13 Extraction of Magnesium |
10.54 Hydrides |
| 6.14 Extraction of Aluminium |
10.55 Halides |
| 6.15 Extraction of Lead |
10.56 Extraction and Uses of the Elements |
| 6.16 Extraction of Copper |
10.57 General Properties |
| 6.17 Extraction of Zinc |
10.58 Reaction with Water |
| 6.18 Extraction of Iron |
10.59 Reactivity of the Elements |
| 7. Qualitative Salt Analysis |
10.60 Hydrogen Halides HX |
| Tests for Acid Radicals |
10.61 Halides |
| 7.1 Action of Dilute Acids |
10.62 Halogen Oxides |
| 7.2 Tests for CO23-/HCO3- and SO23-/HSO3- Radicals |
10.63 Oxoacids |
| 7.3 Tests for Sulphide (S2-) Radical |
10.64 Interhalogen Compounds |
| 7.4 Tests for Thiosulphate (S2O32-) Radical |
10.65 Polyhalides |
| 7.5 Tests for Nitrite (NO2-) Radical |
10.66 Pseudohalogens and Pseudohalides |
| 7.6 Tests for Acetate, Formate and Oxalate Radicals |
10.67 Occurrence and Recovery of the Elements |
| 7.7 Tests for Halide (Cl-, Br-, I-) Radicals |
10.68 Uses of the Elements |
| 7.8 Tests for Nitrate (NO3-) Radical |
10.69 Physical Properties |
| 7.9 Tests for Sulphate (SO24-) Radical |
10.70 Special Properties of Helium |
| 7.10 Tests for Borate (BO33-) Radical |
10.71 Chemical Properties of the Noble Gases |
| 7.11 Tests for Phosphate (PO34-) Radical |
10.72 Chemistry of Xenon |
| 7.12 Tests for Chromate (CrO24-) and Dichromate (Cr2O72-) Radicals |
10.73 Structure and Bonding in Xenon Compounds |
| 7.13 Tests for Permanganate (MnO4-) and Manganate (MnO42-) Radicals |
10.74 Structures of Some Xenon Compounds |
| 7.14 Dry Tests for Basic Radicals |
11. The d-Block Elements and Some of their Compounds |
| 7.15 Wet Tests for Basic Radicals |
11.1 Variable Oxidation State |
| 7.16 Some General Tests for Cations |
11.2 Complexes |
| 7.17 Specific Tests for Some Cations |
11.3 Size of Atoms and Ions |
| 8. Hydrogen and the Hydrides |
11.4 Density |
| 8.1 Electronic Structure |
11.5 Melting and Boiling Points |
| 8.2 Position in the Periodic Table |
11.6 Reactivity of Metals |
| 8.3 Abundance of Hydrogen |
11.7 Ionization Energies |
| 8.4 Preparation of Hydrogen |
11.8 Colour |
| 8.5 Properties of Molecular Hydrogen |
11.9 Magnetic Properties |
| 8.6 Isotopes of Hydrogen |
11.10 Catalytic Properties |
| 8.7 Ortho and Para Hydrogen |
11.11 Nonstoichiometry |
| 8.8 Hydrides |
11.12 Abundance |
| 8.9 The Hydrogen Ion |
11.13 Chromate and Dichromate |
| 8.10 Hydrogen Bonding |
11.14 Manganate and Permanganate |
| 9. The s-Block Elements and their Compounds |
11.15 Silver and its Compounds |
| Group 1 – The Alkali Metals |
11.16 Zinc Compounds |
| 9.1 General Properties |
11.17 Copper Compounds |
| 9.2 Structures of the Metals, Hardness and Cohesive Energy |
11.18 Iron Compounds |
| 9.3 Flame Colours and Spectra |
12. The f-Block Elements and Some of their Compounds |
| 9.4 Colour of Compounds |
12.1 Lanthanoids |
| 9.5 Chemical Properties |
12.2 Actinoids |
| 9.6 Oxides, Hydroxides, Peroxides and Superoxides |
12.3 Comparison between Lanthanoids and Actinoids |
| 9.7 Sulphides |
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| 9.8 Oxosalts – Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Nitrates, Nitrites and Sulphates |
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| 9.9 Halides and Polyhalides |
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