NEET Physics — Newton's Laws of Motion
Frame of Reference – Complete Notes, Revision, Important Questions & Downloads
A Frame of Reference is the coordinate system from which an observer measures position, velocity, and acceleration. This topic covers two subtopics: Inertial Frame of Reference (at rest or moving at constant velocity — Newton's laws are valid here without modification) and Non-Inertial Frame of Reference (accelerating — Newton's laws require a fictitious pseudo-force F_pseudo = −m × a_frame to be applied). NEET tests this topic through definition-type questions distinguishing the two frame types, assertion-reason questions on whether Newton's laws hold in non-inertial frames, pseudo-force calculation problems (e.g., person in an accelerating lift, pendulum in an accelerating train), and questions on whether Earth qualifies as an inertial frame.
Theory + NumericalsNewton's Laws Ch.4F_pseudo = −ma_frame
Expected QuestionsQ
1–2
Frame of Reference questions appear in NEET as assertion-reason (Newton's laws in non-inertial frames) and pseudo-force numericals. Frequently combined with other Newton's law topics.
Time Required⏱
75 min
20 min for definitions of inertial and non-inertial frames with examples. 25 min for pseudo-force concept and application in accelerating lift/train problems. 30 min for NEET-style assertion-reason and numerical practice.
Difficulty⚡
Medium
Definitions are straightforward. The difficulty is in applying the pseudo-force correctly — direction is always opposite to the frame's acceleration. A pendulum in an accelerating train, a person in a braking car, and an object in a merry-go-round are the three canonical non-inertial frame NEET problems.
NRI USA Curriculum GapUS
Medium
AP Physics 1 covers inertial frames and introduces non-inertial frames (pseudo-forces, centrifugal force as a fictitious force). The NEET-specific additions: the named concept 'pseudo force' with formula F_pseudo = −m × a_frame is used more explicitly in NEET numericals than in AP Physics 1. The statement 'Newton's laws are not applicable in non-inertial frames of reference' is tested as a standalone assertion in NEET.
9Subtopics
8+Practice Questions
4Free Downloads
75 minPrep Time
NEET Weightage — Frame of Reference
Newton's Laws of Motion (Chapter 4)| NEET Year | Questions from this Topic | Bar | Marks |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | 1 | 4 | |
| 2023 | 1 | 4 | |
| 2022 | 0 | 0 | |
| 2021 | 1 | 4 | |
| 2020 | 1 | 4 | |
| 2019 | 0 | 0 | |
| 6-Year Total (2019–2024) | 2–4 | 8–16 |
Inertial Frame: A frame of reference at rest or moving with constant velocity (zero acceleration). Newton's laws hold without modification. Earth is approximately inertial (it has small acceleration due to rotation, but the effect is negligible for most NEET problems). All frames moving at constant velocity relative to an inertial frame are also inertial.
Non-Inertial Frame: Any accelerating frame of reference. Newton's laws as stated (F = ma with real forces only) are NOT directly valid. To use Newton's second law in a non-inertial frame, add a fictitious pseudo-force: F_pseudo = −m × a_frame. Direction of pseudo-force: always OPPOSITE to the acceleration of the frame.
Pseudo-force (fictitious force): Not a real force — no agent exerts it. It appears only when analysing motion from a non-inertial frame to mathematically correct for the frame's acceleration. Common NEET pseudo-forces: apparent weight in a lift, pendulum deflection in accelerating train, apparent weight reduction in a rotating planet.
Non-Inertial Frame: Any accelerating frame of reference. Newton's laws as stated (F = ma with real forces only) are NOT directly valid. To use Newton's second law in a non-inertial frame, add a fictitious pseudo-force: F_pseudo = −m × a_frame. Direction of pseudo-force: always OPPOSITE to the acceleration of the frame.
Pseudo-force (fictitious force): Not a real force — no agent exerts it. It appears only when analysing motion from a non-inertial frame to mathematically correct for the frame's acceleration. Common NEET pseudo-forces: apparent weight in a lift, pendulum deflection in accelerating train, apparent weight reduction in a rotating planet.
0.7
Avg Questions / Year
16
Total Marks (6 yrs)
Direct
Pattern
Medium
Difficulty
How to Prepare Frame of Reference for NEET
1
Definitions and examples for each frame type Inertial: memorise 3 examples — (1) a stationary lab, (2) a train moving at constant velocity, (3) an aircraft in steady cruise. Non-Inertial: memorise 3 examples — (1) an accelerating car, (2) a braking lift, (3) a rotating merry-go-round. For each, state whether Newton's laws hold directly (inertial) or require pseudo-force (non-inertial). NEET asks: 'Which of the following is an inertial/non-inertial frame?' in MCQ format.
2
Master the pseudo-force calculation F_pseudo = −m × a_frame. Direction is always opposite to the frame's acceleration. Magnitude = mass × magnitude of frame's acceleration. Worked example: a person of mass m in a lift accelerating upward at a: pseudo-force on person = m × a downward (opposite to upward acceleration). Effective g in the lift = g + a (heavier apparent weight). If lift decelerates upward (a downward): pseudo-force = m × a upward. Effective g = g − a (lighter apparent weight).
3
Assertion-reason on Newton's laws in non-inertial frames Know the standard NEET assertion-reason: 'Newton's laws of motion are not applicable in non-inertial frames of reference.' This is TRUE. The reason: in a non-inertial frame, a floating object can appear to accelerate without any real force — a violation of F = ma if only real forces are considered. Adding the pseudo-force restores the applicability of Newton's second law. This is tested verbatim as both an assertion AND a reason in NEET papers.
Study Materials — Frame of Reference
PDF · Cheat Sheet · MCQ Set · PYQFull Notes
Definition of frame of reference. Inertial frame (Newton's laws valid, constant velocity). Non-Inertial frame (accelerating, Newton's laws need pseudo-force). Pseudo-force formula and direction. Worked examples: lift, train pendulum, rotating earth.
Download NotesFormula Sheet
F_pseudo = −m × a_frame; Effective weight in lift: W_eff = m(g+a) upward, m(g−a) downward; Pendulum deflection angle: tanθ = a/g. Inertial vs Non-Inertial comparison table.
Download SheetMCQ Practice
15 questions: identify inertial/non-inertial frame, pseudo-force direction and magnitude, pendulum in accelerating train, assertion-reason on Newton's laws, effective gravity in different frames.
Download MCQsPYQ
Year-tagged NEET questions on frames of reference, pseudo-force, and applicability of Newton's laws in different frame types.
Download PYQsSubtopics in Frame of Reference
2-Column TableRapid Revision — Frame of Reference
Concept → Trap → Example1) Inertial Frame of Reference
CoreA frame of reference which is at rest or which is moving with a uniform velocity along a straight line is called an inertial frame of reference. Newton's laws of motion are valid without modification in an inertial frame. All frames moving at constant velocity relative to an inertial frame are also inertial.
- Examples of inertial frames: a stationary room, a train moving at constant 100 km/h in a straight line, an aircraft in steady horizontal flight.
- Earth is APPROXIMATELY inertial — the Earth is rotating and orbiting the Sun (both are accelerations), but these accelerations are small enough (≈0.034 m/s² at the equator due to rotation) that Earth is treated as an inertial frame for most NEET problems.
- NEET: 'In which of the following frames are Newton's laws fully valid?' → Any frame at rest or at constant velocity = inertial. 'Is a space station in orbit inertial?' → No — it is in free fall (acceleration = g), so it is non-inertial (even though occupants feel weightless).
Example (NEET-style)A ball rests on the floor of a bus. If the bus moves at constant 60 km/h on a straight road, the ball stays at rest (Newton's First Law holds in this inertial frame). An observer inside the bus sees no unexplained force. An observer on the ground also sees the ball at rest relative to the bus — consistent. Both frames are inertial here. When the bus accelerates, the ball rolls backward — from the ground frame, this is explained by inertia (no force to accelerate ball forward). From the bus frame (now non-inertial), a pseudo-force appears to push the ball backward.
2) Non-Inertial Frame of Reference
CoreAccelerated frames of reference are called non-inertial frames of reference. Newton's laws of motion are not applicable in non-inertial frames of reference without modification. To apply Newton's second law in a non-inertial frame, add a pseudo-force: F_pseudo = −m × a_frame. Pseudo-force direction: opposite to the frame's acceleration. Pseudo-force has no real agent — it is fictitious.
- Pseudo-force formula: F_pseudo = −m × a_frame. If the frame accelerates at 'a_frame' forward, the pseudo-force on mass m within the frame = m × |a_frame| backward.
- In the non-inertial frame, Newton's Second Law becomes: ΣF_real + F_pseudo = m × a_relative (where a_relative is the acceleration measured within the non-inertial frame). This allows Newton's Second Law to be used mathematically even in non-inertial frames.
- NEET applications: (a) Lift accelerating upward: pseudo-force on occupant = m×a downward → apparent weight = m(g+a). (b) Braking car: pseudo-force on passenger = m×a forward → passenger lurches forward. (c) Merry-go-round: pseudo-force on occupant = mω²r outward (centrifugal force).
Example (NEET-style)A pendulum hangs in a train. The train accelerates forward at a m/s². In the ground frame: the pendulum bob has two real forces: tension T (along string) and weight mg (downward). The net horizontal force = T sinθ = m a (Newton's Second Law in inertial ground frame). In the train's frame (non-inertial): pseudo-force on bob = m a (backward, horizontal). Equilibrium equation: T sinθ = m a (pseudo-force), T cosθ = m g. Dividing: tanθ = a/g. The pendulum deflects from vertical by angle θ = arctan(a/g) — NEET important formula.
3) Examples: Is Earth Inertial? Is a Satellite Inertial?
NEET-KeyEarth: treated as approximately inertial for NEET (small acceleration due to rotation neglected). A satellite in orbit: non-inertial (accelerating toward Earth = centripetal acceleration). Inside the satellite: free-fall creates apparent weightlessness — objects float because there is no contact force. The pseudo-force (outward = centrifugal) exactly cancels gravity in the satellite's frame, making objects float.
- NEET trap: 'Is the Earth an inertial frame?' → Strictly NO (Earth rotates at ω = 7.27×10⁻⁵ rad/s, centripetal acceleration at equator = 0.034 m/s²). But for NEET problems the answer is effectively YES (approximation).
- NEET trap: 'In a freely falling lift, objects appear weightless. Is the lift an inertial frame?' → No — the lift frame is non-inertial (accelerating at g downward). The pseudo-force on objects = m×g upward, which exactly cancels real gravity (m×g downward) → objects feel no net force → weightlessness. The lift is non-inertial, but objects appear to float.
- Summary: weightlessness occurs when the reference frame is in free fall (falling at g). This is the same as being in orbit — in both cases, a_frame = g, pseudo-force = mg upward, net force felt = 0.
Example (NEET-style)Space station orbiting Earth at height where g' = 9 m/s². Astronaut mass = 80 kg. In ground frame: gravity (720 N) provides centripetal force. In station frame (non-inertial): pseudo-force (centrifugal) = 720 N outward, gravity = 720 N inward → net = 0 → astronaut floats. Apparent weight = 0. The station IS in a non-inertial frame. If we asked 'does Newton's First Law hold inside the station without modification?', the answer is NO — a ball released floats only because pseudo-force cancels gravity. Genuine free-body analysis requires the pseudo-force.
US Curriculum Gaps — Frame of Reference
Topics in this section are tested in NEET but organised differently in standard US physics courses.Pseudo-Force Formula and Named Non-Inertial Terminology (AP Physics 1 Gap)
AP Physics 1 conceptually introduces non-inertial frames (centrifugal force as a fictitious force, feeling of being pushed back in an accelerating car) but does not formalise the pseudo-force formula F_pseudo = −m × a_frame in the same systematic way. NEET problems directly test: 'What is the magnitude and direction of the pseudo-force on a mass m in a frame accelerating at a?' and apply this to lift, pendulum, and rotating platform problems. The explicit formula and its systematic application to multiple scenarios is a NEET-specific skill.
- AP Physics 1: fictitious force introduced qualitatively (centrifugal force, apparent weight)
- NEET: F_pseudo = −m × a_frame — formula must be known and applied quantitatively
- Pendulum deflection in accelerating train (tanθ = a/g) is a NEET standard problem, not in AP Physics 1 curriculum
Newton's Laws Validity Explicitly Stated for Each Frame Type (AP Physics 1 Gap)
AP Physics 1 teaches that Newton's laws apply in inertial frames. NEET tests this as a standalone assertion: 'Newton's laws of motion are not applicable in non-inertial frames of reference' — true or false, and why. Additionally, NEET tests: 'Are all frames in constant relative velocity with an inertial frame also inertial?' (Yes). This named property set — with verbatim NCERT language — is tested in assertion-reason format that US-curriculum students would find unfamiliar as a test item, even if the underlying physics is familiar.
- NEET assertion: 'Newton's laws are not applicable in non-inertial frames without pseudo-force' → True
- AP Physics 1: Newton's laws in different frames are tested through problem-solving, not verbatim statement recall
- NEET-specific: 'Is a frame moving at 50 km/h constant velocity an inertial frame?' → Yes, this needs explicit knowledge of the definition
NEET-Style Practice Questions — Frame of Reference
4 Questions1Which of the following is an inertial frame of reference?Frame Identification
A train accelerating forward
A car braking to a stop
A spacecraft moving at constant 8 km/s in a straight line (away from all gravity sources)
A merry-go-round rotating at constant angular speed
An inertial frame is one that is at rest or moving at constant velocity (zero acceleration). A spacecraft moving at constant 8 km/s in a straight line far from gravity sources has zero acceleration → inertial frame. Options A and B are non-inertial (accelerating). Option D is non-inertial (rotation = centripetal acceleration ≠ 0). Note: Earth's surface is APPROXIMATELY inertial but strictly non-inertial due to rotation. The spacecraft in deep space at constant velocity is the cleanest example of a truly inertial frame.
2A mass m is placed on the floor of a lift. The lift accelerates downward at a m/s² where a < g. The pseudo-force on the mass (as observed from the lift's frame) is:Pseudo-Force
ma downward
ma upward
m(g−a) downward
m(g+a) upward
The lift (frame) accelerates downward. Pseudo-force = −m × a_frame. Since a_frame = a downward, F_pseudo = m×a upward (opposite direction). The magnitude is ma, direction: upward. From the lift's frame, the mass experiences: real gravity (mg downward) + pseudo-force (ma upward) = m(g−a) net downward. This is why the apparent weight is m(g−a) when the lift decelerates downward (or accelerates downward). Answer is B: ma upward.
3Assertion: Newton's laws of motion are not applicable in non-inertial frames of reference. Reason: In non-inertial frames, a free body can appear to accelerate without any real force acting on it.Assertion-Reason
Both assertion and reason are correct, and reason is the correct explanation
Both assertion and reason are correct, but reason is NOT the correct explanation
Assertion is correct but reason is incorrect
Assertion is incorrect
Both the assertion and reason are correct. Assertion: Newton's laws (as normally stated) are not directly applicable in non-inertial frames — TRUE. In a non-inertial frame, you must add a pseudo-force to make Newton's laws work. Reason: In a non-inertial frame, a free body (no real forces) can appear to accelerate — e.g., a ball on the floor of a braking bus appears to roll forward even though nothing pushes it forward. This IS the reason Newton's laws fail in non-inertial frames (without pseudo-force). The reason correctly explains the assertion. Answer: A.
4A pendulum hangs in a train that accelerates forward at 5 m/s². The angle of deflection of the pendulum from the vertical is: (g = 10 m/s²)Pendulum in Accelerating Frame
30°
26.6°
45°
14.5°
In the train's non-inertial frame: pseudo-force on bob = m×5 backward (horizontal). Real weight = m×10 downward. Effective gravity vector: 5 m/s² backward + 10 m/s² downward. The pendulum aligns with effective gravity. Deflection angle from vertical: tanθ = F_pseudo/(mg) = (m×5)/(m×10) = 5/10 = 0.5. θ = arctan(0.5) = 26.6°. (NOT 30° which would be tanθ = 1/√3 ≈ 0.577; NOT 45° which is tanθ = 1). Alternatively from ground frame: horizontal net force = T sinθ = m×5; vertical: T cosθ = m×10 → tanθ = 5/10 = 0.5 → θ = 26.6°.
Practice Problems — Frame of Reference
Click "Reveal Answer" after attempting1A person of mass 70 kg stands in a lift that accelerates upward at 3 m/s². (a) What is the person's apparent weight? (b) What pseudo-force does the person experience in the lift's frame? (g = 10 m/s²)
(a) 910 N, (b) 210 N downward
(a) 700 N, (b) 0
(a) 490 N, (b) 210 N upward
(a) 910 N, (b) 210 N upward
👁 Reveal Answer
(a) From ground frame: N − mg = ma → N = m(g+a) = 70(10+3) = 70×13 = 910 N. Apparent weight = 910 N (person feels heavier). (b) In lift's frame (non-inertial, accelerating upward at 3 m/s²): pseudo-force on person = m × a_frame = 70×3 = 210 N, directed DOWNWARD (opposite to upward acceleration). The person in the lift experiences: real gravity (700 N down) + pseudo-force (210 N down) = 910 N down total pseudo-force analysis, which equals the normal force from below — consistent. Answer: (a) 910 N, (b) 210 N downward.
2A ball is placed on the back seat of a car moving at 60 km/h. The car brakes suddenly and decelerates at 8 m/s². (a) From the ground frame's perspective, why does the ball move forward relative to the car? (b) From the car's (non-inertial) frame, what pseudo-force causes this?
(a) Inertia — no real force pushes ball forward; (b) pseudo-force = m×8 N forward
(a) Friction pushes the ball forward; (b) pseudo-force = 0
(a) The car decelerates, ball's inertia keeps it moving; (b) pseudo-force m×8 backward
(a) Air pressure pushes ball forward; (b) pseudo-force m×8 N upward
👁 Reveal Answer
(a) Ground frame: the car decelerates (real force on car). The ball has NO braking force applied to it (if it is on a smooth seat — no friction). By Newton's First Law, the ball continues at 60 km/h forward while the car slows down. The ball moves forward RELATIVE to the car — not because a force pushed it forward, but because the car decelerated under it. (b) Car's frame (non-inertial, a_frame = 8 m/s² backward = deceleration): F_pseudo on ball = −m × a_frame = m × 8 N forward (opposite to backward deceleration). From inside the car, the pseudo-force of m × 8 N forward appears to push the ball forward. This is the 'lurch-forward' feeling passengers experience when braking.
3An astronaut of mass 80 kg is inside a space station orbiting Earth where gravitational acceleration g' = 8 m/s². (a) What is the astronaut's apparent weight? (b) Is the space station an inertial or non-inertial frame?
(a) 640 N, (b) Inertial
(a) 0 N (weightless), (b) Non-inertial
(a) 0 N (weightless), (b) Inertial
(a) 640 N, (b) Non-inertial
👁 Reveal Answer
(a) 0 N. The astronaut is in free fall (the station and astronaut both fall toward Earth with the same acceleration g' = 8 m/s²). There is no contact force between the astronaut and the station floor (apparent weight = 0). In the station's frame, pseudo-force = m × g' upward cancels real gravity m × g' downward → the astronaut floats. (b) Non-inertial. The space station is accelerating (centripetal acceleration = g' toward Earth). A non-inertial frame does not require the object to feel acceleration — it is the FRAME that accelerates. The station orbits (accelerates centripetally), making it a non-inertial frame even though the astronaut feels weightless inside.
4Why is a rotating reference frame (like a merry-go-round) considered non-inertial, even if the speed of rotation is constant?
Because speed is changing
Because the velocity direction is constantly changing (centripetal acceleration exists)
Because friction acts at the edge
It is actually inertial since speed is constant
👁 Reveal Answer
A merry-go-round at constant angular speed has constant SPEED but constantly changing VELOCITY DIRECTION — velocity is a vector, and direction change constitutes acceleration (centripetal acceleration = ω²r toward the center). Since the frame accelerates centripetally, it is non-inertial. In the merry-go-round's frame, a pseudo-force (centrifugal force = mω²r outward) must be added to apply Newton's laws. An occupant on the merry-go-round feels pushed outward (centrifugal pseudo-force). A coin placed on the surface appears to slide outward unless held by friction — in the ground frame, this is simply the coin's inertia resisting circular motion.
Physics — Newton's Laws of Motion Revision Checklist
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FAQ — Frame of Reference
Notes · Downloads · Revision · Important QuestionsWhat is a frame of reference?
A frame of reference is a coordinate system (plus a clock) used by an observer to measure position, velocity, and acceleration of objects. There is no meaning of rest and motion without a frame of reference — saying a car is moving at 60 km/h implies a frame (the ground). All physical measurements (position, velocity, acceleration) are frame-dependent. Two frames can yield different values for these quantities, but the laws of physics (like Newton's laws) must hold in the correct frames.
What is an inertial frame of reference?
A frame of reference which is at rest or which is moving with a uniform velocity along a straight line is called an inertial frame of reference. Newton's laws of motion are valid in inertial frames without any modification. Any frame moving at constant velocity relative to a known inertial frame is also inertial. Practically, a non-rotating room, a ship at steady cruise, and a spacecraft coast in deep space are all inertial frames.
What is a non-inertial frame of reference?
Accelerated frames of reference are called non-inertial frames of reference. Any frame undergoing acceleration (linear or rotational) is non-inertial. Newton's laws of motion are not applicable in non-inertial frames without modification. To use Newton's Second Law in a non-inertial frame, add a pseudo-force: F_pseudo = −m × a_frame (opposite to the frame's acceleration). Examples: accelerating car, braking bus, rotating merry-go-round, orbiting satellite.
What is a pseudo-force?
A pseudo-force (also called a fictitious force or inertial force) is an apparent force that appears when analysing motion from a non-inertial (accelerating) frame. It has no physical agent — no body exerts it. It is a mathematical correction needed when applying Newton's Second Law in a non-inertial frame: F_pseudo = −m × a_frame. Direction: always opposite to the frame's acceleration. Magnitude: m × |a_frame|. Common pseudo-forces: the 'lurch forward' when a car brakes (frame decelerates backward → pseudo-force = forward), centrifugal force in a rotating frame (frame accelerates inward → pseudo-force = outward).
Is Earth an inertial frame?
Strictly: No. Earth rotates about its axis (period 24 h) and orbits the Sun, giving every point on Earth a centripetal acceleration. At the equator, the centripetal acceleration due to rotation ≈ 0.034 m/s² (small compared to g = 9.8 m/s²). For NEET problems Earth is treated as approximately inertial — the rotational effects are ignored. This is a standard approximation in all NCERT-based NEET questions. In precision measurements (Foucault pendulum, ballistic missiles over long distances), the Earth's non-inertial nature becomes measurable.
Why does a ball in a braking bus appear to move forward?
Ground frame analysis: the ball has no horizontal force (smooth floor assumed). The bus decelerates under the ball. The ball continues at constant velocity (Newton's First Law) while the bus slows — so the ball moves forward RELATIVE to the bus. No force pushed the ball forward; the bus moved backward relative to the ball. Bus frame analysis (non-inertial): the bus decelerates at a m/s² backward. Pseudo-force on ball = m × a forward. This pseudo-force appears to push the ball forward within the bus's frame. Both explanations predict the same observed outcome; the ground-frame analysis uses only real forces (no pseudo-force needed).
Does Newton's Third Law apply in non-inertial frames?
Newton's Third Law (F_AB = −F_BA) applies to real forces between real bodies — it is valid in both inertial and non-inertial frames. The pseudo-force does NOT have a Newton's Third Law reaction (no second body exerts it, so nothing reacts back). Newton's First and Second Laws require the pseudo-force correction in non-inertial frames. Newton's Third Law for real force pairs is always valid. This is tested in NEET: 'Which of Newton's laws applies in all frames?' → Third Law (for real forces only).
What is effective gravity in a non-inertial frame?
In a non-inertial frame, the effective gravitational acceleration is the vector sum of real gravity g and the pseudo-acceleration (−a_frame). For a lift accelerating upward at a: g_eff = g + a (effective gravity increases, so apparent weight increases). For a lift accelerating downward at a: g_eff = g − a (apparent weight decreases). For free fall (a = g downward): g_eff = g − g = 0 (weightlessness). For a horizontally accelerating train: g_eff = √(g²+a²) directed at angle θ = arctan(a/g) from vertical.
What is the significance of saying 'there is no meaning of rest and motion without a frame of reference'?
All motion is relative. A passenger sitting in a moving train is 'at rest' relative to the train but 'in motion' at 100 km/h relative to the ground and in motion at ~30 km/s relative to the Sun. Without specifying a frame of reference, 'at rest' and 'in motion' are meaningless terms. Newton's First Law 'a body remains at rest or in uniform motion' also implies a specific frame. The insight from frame-of-reference physics is that absolute rest does not exist — there is no unique 'stationary' frame in the universe. Einstein later formalised this into the Theory of Relativity.
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